SOCIETA' CAPITANI E MACCHINISTI NAVALI - CAMOGLI |
Glossario dei termini usati sui Velieri/Glossary |
In questo glossario abbiamo raggruppato le parole il cui significato pensiamo non sia di facile comprensione. Ogni vocabolo ha quasi sempre due spiegazioni: la prima è desunta dal Vocabolario Marino e Militare di Guglielmotti Alberto che abbiamo riportato fedelmente , mantenendo anche la forma arcaica piena però di espressività, mentre la seconda è una descrizione da noi preparata che speriamo sia di facile acquisizione.
( a cura del Com.te Bruno Malatesta) Le comunicazioni degli equipaggi marittimi sono vecchie come l'uomo. Non solo: queste parole hanno una vera e propria struttura globale, ovvero una gran parte di esse deriva a sua volta da termini stranieri. E' proprio col navigare, cogli scambi mercantili, cogli affari che certi vocaboli del mondo marittimo vengono adattati da ogni lingua per essere facilmente compresi ed usati da tutti gli operatori. Il linguaggio del mare non conosce grammatica, bensì termini comuni a tutti: basta bisbigliare, dire o gridare un solo vocabolo ed immediatamente il proprio interlocutore capisce e sa cosa fare. E' il mondo dei porti, delle navi, quel settore cioè che conosce perfettamente la pratica di ogni giorno, che poco considera la nazionalità della gente ma alla quale interessa invece il tipo di affari che può originare. Addirittura, a volte bastano solo i gesti, basti pensare all'invito mimico dell'ormeggiatore al personale di manovra al fine di passare i cavi d'ormeggio in banchina, oppure al gesto che il Pilota, sulla sua veloce motobarca, indirizza verso l'aletta di comando per ottenere un ridosso migliore prima d'imbarcare dalla biscaglina. Tutta questa pratica tende allo scopo di ottimizzare le operazioni e velocizzarle: non bisogna infatti dimenticare che si lavora sempre a contatto col mare che, a volte, può complicare la buona riuscita delle operazioni. Sulle navi moderne, dove gli equipaggi sono di natura multietnica, la lingua ufficiale di bordo è solitamente l'inglese. Chi vuole lavorare in sincronia con il resto del personale ed ottimizzare il proprio lavoro, deve quindi parlare correntemente tale lingua. Il fatto curioso è che l'inglese parlato su molte navi è un ibrido di varie lingue, tra cui il francese, lo spagnolo, l'italiano e il tutto contornato da vari termini inventati di sana pianta, ma che poco importa, poichè ben intesi da tutti. E' chiaro che si potrebbero scrivere vari volumi sui termini nautici, ma noi ci fermiamo qui, soddisfatti d'aver dato un'idea di quelle parole che si pronunciavano sui nostri gloriosi velieri. ( by Capt. Bruno Malatesta) Communications between seamean are as old as mankind. Also, the terms used at sea have a real global structure: most of them are originated by foreign definitions. The shipping business, along with its trade makes these words adapted and modified by each language or dialect, so as to be easily understood by each user. The language of the sea does not know any grammar rules but only terms which are well known by everubody. It is enough to whisper or shout only one word and the interlocutor understands immediately and know what to do. It is the world of the ships and ports, which know exactly the daily practice , which doeas not take care about the nationality of people, but only the type of business they bring along. Sometimes, only the gestures are enough: try to think abouth the linesmen which invite the bow Officer to throw the heaving line ashore or the Pilot, who moves his hand up and down, meaning that the Captain should reduce the speed so as to allow him to embark safely. All this practice wants to minimize and speed up all operations: it has not to be forgotten that the meteo conditions are changing often and they can complicate the result of a good job. On the modern ships, where there are multietnic crews, the official language is the english one. He/she who wishes to work well along with the rest of the personnel and improve his work on board, must speak fluently such a language. The funny thing here is that, sometimes, the english language spoken on board is a mixing of other languages and dialects, such as french, spanish, italian and so on; also, various terms are "brand new", really invented by the crew and that is not big deal because everybody uunderstand them anyway. Obviously, we could write an endless book about the nautical terms, but we stop here, happy to give you an idea of the terms spoken on the Sailing Ships. aft (Or after.) Near, toward or at the stern of a ship aftermast In a sailing ship carrying multiple masts, the mast set closest to the stern. Also called the mizzenmast in a three-masted sailing vessel amidships In or toward the part of a ship midway between bow and stern arch A curved architectural structure used to support suspended weight arch board An arch-shaped nameboard fastened to the stern of a ship, displaying the vessel's name and home port athwartships Perpendicular to the fore-and-aft centerline of a ship; sideways backstay Mast support running from the top of the mast to the aft deck or another mast ballast Material used to improve the stability and control of a ship. In wooden ships usually stone, lead, sand or iron; in metal ships, often water barge A large cargo-carrying craft that is towed or pushed by a tug on both seagoing and inland waters barque A sailing ship with three to five masts, all of them square-rigged except the after mast, which is fore-and-aft rigged bilge 1. Part of the underwater body of a ship between the flat of the bottom and the straight vertical sides. 2. Internally, the lowest part of the hull, next to the keelson block A metal or wood case enclosing one or more pulleys; has a hook with which it can be attached to an object boatswain The petty officer in charge of sails, rigging, anchors, cables, etc. Pronounced "bosun." bobstay A chain or heavy wire rigging running from the end of the bowsprit to the ship's stem or cutwater boom A spar extending from a mast to hold the outstretched bottom of a sail bow The forward part of a ship bowsprit A large spar that projects forward from the forward end of a sailing ship; used to carry sails and support the masts breeches buoy A device used by lifesaving crews to extract persons from wrecked vessels, usually fired from a cannon onto the deck of the wrecked vessel bridge An elevated structure extending across or over the weather deck of a vessel, containing stations for control and visual communications bulkhead An upright partition separating compartments in a ship bulwark The part of a ship's side that extends above the main deck to protect it against heavy weather bunker A storage compartment aboard a ship for coal or other fuel camber The arch or slope from side to side of a vessel's weather deck for water drainage. Also known as round of beam cant frames Angled frames in the extreme forward or aft ends of a ship which form the sharp ends of the vessel's hull capstan A vertical, spool-shaped rotating drum around which cable, hawser or chain is wound for hoisting anchors, sails and other heavy weights cathead A heavy piece of timber projecting from the bow of a ship for holding anchors. (back) ceiling The inside planking or plating in the hold of a merchant vessel, laid across the floors and carried up the sides of the holds to the level of the beams centerboard A metal or wooden slab housed in a casing or trunk along the centerline of a sailboat; may be lowered to increase the boat's resistance to sideways motion and raised when the boat is in shallow water or beached chain locker A compartment in the lower part of a ship for stowing an anchor chain chain plate A steel plate or bar by which standing rigging is attached to the hull chord The principal horizontal member in a rigid framework clipper A sharp-bowed sailing vessel of the mid-19th century, having tall masts and sharp lines; built for great speed coaming A rim placed on a roof or around a hatch, deck or bulkhead opening to stop water from entering covering board The outermost plank of the upper deck, running beneath the base of the bulwark and covering the frametops and the ends of the deck beams cross bracing Iron or steel straps fastened diagonally across a ship's frames to make a rigid framework cutwater The forward curve of the stem of a ship deadeye A circular block of wood with three holes used to receive a shroud or stay and to adjust tension in the standing rigging deadwood Heavy longitudinal timbers fastened over the keelson. The timbers of the bow and stern are fastened to the deadwood deck Horizontal or cambered and sloping surfaces on a ship, like floors in a building deckhouse A low building or superstructure, such as a cabin, constructed on the top deck of a ship derrick A hoisting machine consisting usually of a vertical mast, a slanted boom and associated tackle; may be operated mechanically or by hand dolphin striker A short spar perpendicular the bowsprit, used with martingales for holding down the jib-boom. The position is such that a dolphin leaping at the bow of a vessel could possibly be struck by this spar fall A hoisting rope or chain, especially the part of rope or chain to which power is applied fantail The area of the upper deck of a ship that is nearest the stern. More specifically, a rounded afterdeck that overhangs the propeller and rudder fastening A spike, bolt or other device used to connect one piece of wood to another fetch To reach or arrive at some place or point, particularly in conditions of an adverse wind or tide following sea A sea in which the waves are moving in the same direction as the vessel fore The front part of a ship forecastle The section of the upper deck of a ship located at the bow forward of the foremast forward Toward the front of a vessel frames The transverse strengthening members in a ship's hull that extend from the keel to the deck or gunwale frametops The tops of a ship's frames; the transverse strengthening members in a ship's hull that extend from the keel to the deck or gunwhale futtock A curved or vertical timber that when paired with a floor or additional futtocks makes the frame of a wooden ship gaff A spar used to extend the top edge of a fore-and-aft sail gaff-topsail A light triangular or quadrilateral sail set over a gaff galley The kitchen of a ship gross tonnage The overall volume of a ship's hull, including crew cabins, storerooms and machinery spaces. A ton equals 100 cubic feet gunwale The upper edge of the side of a boat. Also spelled gunnel gusset A brace, usually triangular, for reinforcing a corner or angle in the framework of a structure hanging knees Vertical wooden brackets shaped somewhat like human knees; used to support deck beams hank An iron ring for hooking a staysail to a stay hatch A door or opening, especially on an airplane, spacecraft or ship hawsepipes Pipes made of heavy cast iron or steel through which the anchor chain runs; placed in the ship's bow on each side of the stem, or in some cases also at the stem when a stern anchor is used hawser A large rope or cable -- usually more than 5 inches (13 centimeters) in diameter -- used to tow or moor a ship or secure it at a dock heel For a ship to incline or be inclined to one side helm The tiller or wheel controlling a ship's rudder hoist A power unit for lifting, usually designed to lift from a position directly above the load hold The interior of a ship or plane, usually referring to the cargo compartment horn timber A heavy longitudinal timber that angles upward from the stern to support the underside of the fantail hull The body or shell of a ship inboard Inside the hull or bulwarks of, or toward the center of, a ship or boat jib A triangular sail bent to a foremast stay keel A steel beam or timber, or a series of steel beams and plates or timbers joined together, extending along the center of the bottom of a ship from stem to stern and often projecting below the bottom, to which the frames and hull plating are attached keelson A structure of timbers or steel beams that are bolted to the top of a keel to increase its strength king post A strong vertical post used to support a ship's windlass and the heel of a ship's bowsprit knee A timber or metal bar fashioned into a right angle to provide strengthening and support at the intersection of timbers in wooden ships knot A speed unit of 1 nautical mile (6,076 feet or 1.852 kilometers) per hour lighter A barge used to load and unload ships not lying at piers, or to move cargo around a harbor main deck The principal deck of a ship. In ships with multiple decks, the deck beneath the spar deck mainchains Heavy steel plates fastened to a ship's sides that anchor the rigging for the mainmast mainmast The principal mast of a sailing ship mast A long wooden or metal pole or spar, usually vertical, on the deck or keel of a ship, that supports spars and sails. On a sailing ship, supported on the keelson master The Captain of a merchant ship mate A deck officer ranking below the master on a merchant ship midships Roughly halfway between a ship's stem and stern mizzen A fore-and-aft sail set on the mizzenmast mizzenmast The third mast from the bow or the mast aft of the mainmast in a sailing ship moor To secure a ship by attaching it to a fixed object or mooring buoy mooring bitt A strong pair of iron, steel or wooden posts on a ship's deck, around which ropes or cables are wound and held fast net tonnage The volume of cargo a ship could carry, equal to gross tonnage minus the crew cabins, storerooms and machinery spaces. One ton equals 100 cubic feet oakum Old hemp or jute fiber, loosely twisted and impregnated with tar or a tar derivative, used to caulk sides and decks of ships and to pack joints of pipes and caissons oiler A member of a ship's engineering crew who assisted the Chief Engineer with lubricating and maintaining the engine outboard Outside a ship's bulwarks; in a lateral direction away from the hull pilothouse A compartment on or near the bridge of a ship that contains the steering wheel and other controls, compass, charts, navigating equipment and means of communicating with the engine room and other parts of the ship. Also known as wheelhouse port The side of a ship that is on the left of a person facing forward put about To change the course of a sailing vessel rabbet A joint formed by fitting one member into a groove in the face or edge of a second member rail The railing around the deck refasten The periodic replacement and repair of bolts, spikes and other fastenings that hold together the hull of a wooden vessel rig The method by which spars and sails are designed and fitted rigging Collectively, all the ropes and chains used to support and work the masts, yards, booms and sails of a vessel rudder A device attached upright to the stern of a ship and used to steer it scantlings The dimensions of a ship's principle timbers, or the timbers themselves scarph An overlapping joint used to couple two timbers end-to-end without increasing their dimensions. Types include simple butt (flat) scarphs and more complicated hooked and keyed scarphs schooner A sailing vessel with two or more masts rigged fore and aft . The foremast is shorter than the other mast(s) scroll head A scroll-shaped figurehead attached to the bow of a sailing vessel scuppers Openings in a ship's hull above the water line that allows water to drain off the deck shaft log A heavy longitudinal timber placed over the keel in a ship's stern through which the propeller shaft passes shroud A line or wire supporting a mast and running from its top to the spreaders, then down to the sides of the vessel spar A long, round stick of steel or wood, often tapered at one or both ends, and usually a part of a ship's masts or rigging spar deck The upper deck running a ship's full length. In a sailing vessel, the upper deck from which sails, rigging and spars are controlled square rig A sailing-ship rig with rectangular sails set approximately at right angles to the keel line from horizontal yards stanchion An upright wooden or metal post on a ship; supports the ship's bulwarks, railing or deck starboard The side of a ship that is on the right when a person faces forward stay A large strong rope used to support a mast steamer A ship propelled by a steam engine stem The foremost part of a ship's hull stempost The principal vertical timber in a ship's bow stern The aftermost part of a ship sternpost The principal vertical timber in a ship's stern, upon which the rudder is fastened stockless anchor An anchor that is not secured to the rail at the bow of a ship, as stock anchors are, but is pulled up into the hawsepipes until the flukes meet the hull tackle An assembly of lines and blocks in which the line passes through more than one block topmast An upper, secondary mast on a sailing vessel, supported by a heavier, lower mast transom The flat, vertical aft end of a ship tug A powerful, strongly built boat designed to tow or push other vessels turn of the bilge The point where the bottom and the sides of a ship join weather deck The uppermost deck of a ship; any deck that does not have overhead protection from the weather wheelsman Another name for the helmsman; one who steers a ship via a wheel winch A machine that has a drum on which to coil a rope, cable or chain for hauling, pulling or hoisting windlass A machine designed to raise or lower an anchor or ropes yard A long spar, tapered at the ends, attached at its middle to a mast and running athwartships; used to support the top of a square sail yawl A two-masted vessel, sloop or cutter rigged on the foremast, with the mizzen mast aft of the rudder-head
Definitions adapted from: "The American Heritage Dictionary." 1982. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company Dahl, Bonnie. 1986. "Loran-C Users Guide." Streamwood , Ill : Richardson 's Marine Publishing "Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: Tenth Edition." 1993. Springfield , Mass. : Merriam-Webster, Inc. Parker, Sybil P., ed. 1989. "McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms." New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company Steffy, Richard J., 1994. "Wooden Ship Building and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks." Texas A&M Press, College Station "Webster's New World Dictionary: Third College Edition." 1988. New York : Simon and Schuster
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